M2 Nuclei, Particles, Astroparticles and Cosmology

Philippe Schune Julien Bolmont Thomas Patzak.

Introduction to different detection technics used in nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.
Charged and neutral particle interaction with matter.
Basics on different detector functions: trigger, dead time, quenching ...
Introduction to gaz detectors, semiconductors, scintillators, bolometers, etc.

"Particle Detectors", Claus Grupen "Experimental techniques in high-energy nuclear and particle physics" (World Scientific, ed. Th.Ferbel, 1991) "Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments", W.R. Leo.

Septembre - Octobre - Novembre - Décembre.

ORSAY - PARIS

Jonathan Biteau Marine Vandebrouck Cyril Lachaud Melissa Ridel Wilfried da Silva.

Students perform a month of laboratory work in pairs during the first semester. They have to carry out a simple experiment, from the conception to the examination of the results,being also responsible for the assembly of the experimental device. The results are presented in the form of a 4-page article. This allows them to acquire knowledge in instrumentation, data analysis and detection techniques, and writing a short article.

"Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments", W.R. Leo (Springer, 1994).

Septembre.

Bertrand Delamotte Francesco Nitti.

This lecture gives an introduction to the Quantum Field Theory, with a strong orientation towards applications in elementary particle physics. The subjects treated are: relativistic invariance and Poincaré group representation; relativistic description of a classical scalar field and Euler-Lagrance equations; classical Dirac field; gauge theories (electrodynamics, Yang-Mills theories); canonical quantification of a free field theory (scalar field, Dirac field, electromagnetic field); interacting field theory : diffusion matrix, cross-section; Feynman diagrams; elementary processes calculations in quantum electrodynamics; introduction to weak theory.

Classical electrodynamics group theory.

"Introduction to Elementary Particles" - D. Griffiths.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier.

ORSAY - PARIS

Nicolas Regnault Stefano Gabici.

The Astroparticles lecture deals with various aspects of high energy astrophysics. The list of topics treated during the course include the acceleration of cosmic rays at astrophysical shock waves, their transport in the turbulent interstellar magnetic field, and their interactions with matter and radiation. The main radiative signatures of cosmic ray acceleration and transport are also discussed, going from observations in the radio band to the very high energy gamma-ray domain.
The Cosmology lecture is organized into three main parts. We first give a formal description of the smooth expanding Universe: metric of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker, cosmological parameters, Friedmann equations and their solutions. Particular emphasis is given to the observables (redshift, cosmological distances and volumes) and to the classical cosmological probes relying on these observables (Supernovae and BAO). The second part of the course deals with the thermal history of the Universe (equilibrium distributions, Boltzmann equation, decoupling, relic densities and recombination). In the last part, we give an introduction to the physics of the cosmic microwave background and to the linear theory of structure formation.

"Modern Cosmology", Dodelson.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier.

ORSAY - PARIS

David Verney Vittorio Somà Fairouz Hammache.

This lecture is structured in 3 main parts: I. phenomenological approaches to nucleus, II. theory for nuclear structure and III. introduction to nuclear astrophysics.
Topics treated in the first part are : the saturation of the nuclear forces, internal structure of the nuclei and microscopic approach to nuclear structure description, pairing and quadrupole correlations and collectivity associated to the nuclear surface motion. All the topics are illustrated through recent experiments. An introduction to nuclear reaction is also given.
Second part treats the following topics: many-body quantum mechanics, symmetries in nucleon-nucleon interaction, second quantization formalism, Wick theorem and it’s application to the nuclear Hamiltonian, mean-field and beyond mean-field methods for atomic nucleus description.
Nuclear astrophysics lectures give an introduction to principles of stellar structure and evolution and to the observed properties of the stars and the chemical abundance of elements. Then the nucleosyntehsis processes at work in Universe are presented, from primordial to stellar synthesis of elements. An overview of nuclear reactions important for astrophysical processes is given and different experimental approaches used in nuclear astrophysics are presented.

- Quantum mechanics - classical electrodynamics.

"Introductory nuclear physics", Kenneth S. Krane "Nuclear Physics of Stars", C. Illiadis.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier.

ORSAY

Eli Ben Haim Fabrice Couderc.

Review of the theoretical and experimental features of the Standard Model of elementary particles and their interactions.
Symetries in particle physics.
Kinematics and Lorentz invariant phase space.
Basics on Quantum Field Theory: scalar fileds, spinor field, lagrangien.
Electromagnetic Interaction: QED.
Strong interaction: SU(3) flavour and colour, running coupling, hdronization and jets, QCD, deep inelastic diffusion, structure functions and their evolution.
Hadronic collisions.
Weak interaction: W boson exchange and Fermi V-A theory.
CKM matrix, flavour oscillations and CP violation.
Neutral currents, Higgs mechanism and electroweak unification.
Neutrinos.
Standard Model and beyond.

Quantum mecanics Special Relativity.

Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffiths.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier.

ORSAY - PARIS

Aurélien Martens Antoine Chance.

Introduction to the conventional accelerator physics.
Models of charged particle dynamics in a particle accelerator.
Acceleration technics and RF accelerating cavities modelisation. Longitudinal phase space dynamics.
Introduction to collective effects, e.g., space-charge effects.
Beam manipulation : magnetic elements description and modelling.
Particle dynamics in a transverse plane. Courant-Snyder parametrization and the emittance. Applications.
Longitudinal and transversal effects coupling.
Luminosity.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier - Février.

ORSAY

Daniéle Steer.

Brief overview of general relativity, and its link to special relativity. Role of inertial and gravitational mass, the equivalence principle. Gravity as a manifestation of the geometry and curvature of space-time.
Review of the salient features of Special Relativity, both in standard Minkowski coordinates, and also in curvilinear coordinates. Geodesic motion in curvilinear coordinates: metric concept.
General covariance, vectors and tensors, the covariant derivative and the Riemann tensor. Geodesic motion in an arbitrary space-time together with the geodesic deviation equation. Introduction of Einsteins equations. Derivation of spherically symmetric space-time solutions (Birkhoff theorem): discussion of symmetries in GR and the Lie Derivative. Trajectory derivation of particles around a massive body, and tests of GR in the solar system.
Black Holes of different kinds and in different sets of coordinate systems. Stars and gravitational collapse, gravitational waves (GWs). Einstein Equations linearnising, wave equation derivation, discussion on the polarization and number of degrees of freedom carried by GWs, as well as their interactions with a GW detector.
Calculation of the GW signal from binary black holes and neutron stars. The the quadrupole formula for the rate of energy loss. Comparison of theoretical calculation to the data from LIGO-Virgo.
The last lecture introduces the cosmology that can be done with GWs, such as the measurement of the Hubble constant.

Octobre - Novembre - Décembre - Janvier.

ORSAY - PARIS

Antoine Pérus David Chamont Christian Arnault Nicolas Regnault Florent Robinet Marian Duspis.

The computing lecture is to figure out how a scientific application could be developed, tested, constructed, assembled and documented.You will study and exercise some of the productivity tools that are commonly used for the development process in scientific communities, like :Write codes (Python) using an integrated development environment (IDE) including a debugging tool (PyCharm)-Use popular scientific libraries (pyplot, NumPy, SciPy)-Manage code history and versions (Git)-Take care of code documentation-Analyse code quality (SonarQube)-Test the codeA set of step-by-step exercises will be followed by several small projects you would have to choose.
Also, students will have to work on a project allowing to program a given physical problem.

Knowledge of programming.

Mars.

ORSAY

The students are doing a 14 weeks long internship in a laboratory of their choice, usually in the teams where they want to start a PhD.

Mars - Avril - Mai - Juin.

Guillaume Patanchon Michael Joyce.

The advanced cosmology lectures covers the cosmological perturbations, their evolution in the primordial Universe up to the formation of large scale structures. The lecture starts by the description of perturbations of the metric and its decomposition into scalar, vector and tensor modes. The evolution and conservation equations of the baryon, radiation and dark matter fluids perturbations are established in the framework of general relativity. The evolution of the baryon/photon and the dark matter perturbations are studied in detail. The physics of Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies, the dependence of the power spectrum on cosmological parameters, the polarization and the impact of tensor modes are described. An introduction to non-linear evolution of matter perturbation and structure formation is provided. The last lecture gives a panorama of different probes of the early Universe perturbations: lensing, BAOs etc...

Février - Mars.

ORSAY - PARIS

The Standard Model of particle physics, despite its immense success, suffers from many practical limitations and conceptual problems, such as the problem of hierarchy or lack of candidate particle explaining the presence of dark matter in the universe. As a result, many theories beyond the Standard Model have been developed over the last few decades. In this course, we will study, from a theoretical, phenomenological and experimental point of view, some of the most important ideas in the light of current research in high energy physics.
The theoretical part of the course covers, after a quick review of the Standard Model, supersymmetry, composite models, grand unification theories as well as those with additional spatial dimensions. We will construct the minimal models in each of these cases from basic principles of quantum field theory, and we will review their main phenomenological consequences. We will also study black matter and the ways to look for it.
The experimental part of the course is divided into three parts. First, experimental and analytical tools are introduced for physics research beyond the Standard Model. The second part covers direct research (supersymmetry, new quarks and bosons of gauges, ...). Finally, the third part covers indirect research via precision measurements (Higgs sector and flavor).

Quantum Field Theory lecture - first semester Particle Physics lecture - first semester.

Février - Mars.

ORSAY - PARIS

Asmaa Abada Veronique Van Elevyck Davide Franco.

The theoretical part covers the history of neutrino physics, which is strongly linked to the one of the Standard Model. The theory part spreads from Fermi Theory to Beyond Standard ones (BSM). The oscillation phenomena will be addressed with a discussion of the matter effect.  The topics discussed in these lectures include general properties of neutrinos, their nature (Dirac or Majorana), their absolute mass scale, the violation of lepton number, and the potential of the lepton CP violating phases with their main signatures.  An important part will be devoted to the origin of neutrino masses and their mixings, in link with BSM physics. A strong emphasis on the sterile neutrino hypothesis and all relevant implications and constraints (cosmological and phenomenological), depending on their mass regimes will close the theory part.
Early experiments on the neutrino
Neutrino oscillations
Current knowledge on the neutrino mixing matrix and perspectives for future experiments
The mass of the neutrino: direct and indirect experimental searches
Neutrino astronomy
The dark matter part provides an overview on the evidences of dark matter through cosmological and astrophysical indirect observations, followed by a review of the most favourite dark matter particle candidates. The course is then focused on WIMPs. The connections with background challenges already discussed in the experimental neutrino part are also addressed.

Février - Mars.

ORSAY - PARIS

The reaction part of the EU presents the basics of the theory of non-relativistic reactions at low energies. The purpose of this course is to get students to understand the theoretical tools used in nuclear structure, astrophysics etc. Formal resolution methods such as partial wave decomposition and the Lippmann-Schwinger equation are discussed during the course. Practical concepts are also discussed such as the R matrix method, the optical potential, the Born and DWBA approximation. The presentation concludes with a presentation of current research topics in the field.
The "hadron physics" part presents an analysis of the properties of the nucleon and hadrons in terms of quarks and gluons, the objects of Quantum Chromodynamics. Three topics, illustrated by current experiments, are discussed: hadron spectroscopy, elastic scattering and form factors, deep inelastic scattering and parton distributions. The goal for the students is to realize that they have all the tools in hand to address the topics of current hadronic physics.
The QGP part presents the studies of this deconfined and highly interacting state of the QCD material subjected to high energy and temperature densities. Theoretical and experimental tools to address this subject are described and its results illustrated by examples. A selection of the current experiments and the main results is presented. The goal is to learn the concepts and tools available to study the properties of this QCD material.

Février - Mars.

ORSAY - PARIS